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Treaty Education Resources

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Grade 3 – Table of contents

  • Teaching Notes and Approaches
  • Note to Readers
  • Lesson A – Where did we come from?
    Tami wejita’ywkw?
    Tama kilun ktutapeksultipon?
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1- How Klu’scap Keluwoskap Created People
    • References
  • Lesson B – All things are related: Interrelationships are celebrated
    Msit koqowe’l akutultikl
    Psonakutomuwakon
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – About Wolastoq
    • Activity 2 – The Creation of Wolastoq
    • Activity 3A – Mapping Wolastoqey Communities
    • Activity 3B – Mapping Mi’kmaw Communities
    • Activity 4A – Wolastoq (Saint John River) is Renamed
    • Activity 4B – The Sipoq River Song (Listuguj)
    • References
  • Lesson C – We are of the Earth
    Kinu na wskwitqamulti’kw
    Nutapeksipon Nkitahkomikumon
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – Flag Symbols
    • Activity 2 – Flags to Create Solidarity
    • Activity 3 – Create Your Own Flag
    • References
  • Lesson D – All My Relations
    Ta’n Te’sit No’kmaq
    Psi-te Ntolonapemok
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – Who Are You?
    • Activity 2 – Extended Family
    • References
  • Lesson E – Life as we knew it
    Mimajuaqn ta’n tel-nenmekip
    Pomawsuwakon Eli-Kcicihtuweqpon
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – The Many Functions of Water
    • Activity 2 – Keluwoskap (Gal-oo-wos-gob) and the Water Creature
    • Activity 3 – To Dam Or Not To Dam
    • Activity 4 – Mactaquac Dam
    • Activity 5 – Ugpi’ganjig Eel River Bar First Nation
    • References
  • Lesson F – Coming Together
    Mawita’nej
    Mawessultipon
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – Storytelling
    • Activity 2 – What Is In A Name?
    • Activity 3 – Creating a Landform of your Community
    • Activity 4 – Researching an Indigenous Community
    • References
  • Lesson G – What is a Treaty?
    Koqowey net Ankukumkewey?
    Keq nit lakutuwakon?
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – Sharing and Showing Respect
    • Activity 2 – Wampum
    • Activity 3 – Create Your Own Message
    • References
  • Lesson H – Your Treaty
    Ktankukumeweymuow
    Ktolakutuwakon
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – Classroom Treaty
    • Activity 2 – Create a Fair Classroom Treaty
    • Resources
  • Lesson I – We Are All Treaty People
    Kinu na Ankukumkeweye’k Mimajuinu’k
    Psi-te kilun Lakutuwakonicik
    • Curriculum Outcomes
    • Background Notes for the Teacher
    • Activity 1 – We are all Treaty People
    • Resources
  • Resources
  • Interactive Activities
You are here: Home / Note to Readers

Note to Readers

Our First Treaty is with Our Earth Mother – This symbolic title was chosen because it illustrates the Indigenous people’s relationship to the Earth, uniting physical and spiritual worlds and the responsibilities associated with this relationship.

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To hear either Mi’kmaw or Wolastoqey language, you can download an app on: Mi’kmaw Kina’matnewey or Wolastoqey Latuwewakon

  • Mi’kmaq/Mi’kmaw text is written in the Francis-Smith orthography.
  • Mi’kmaq is a noun and is always plural – encompassing more than one Mi’kmaw person.
  • Mi’kmaw is a singular noun, and an adjective.
  • Wolastoq (Saint John River) – the beautiful and bountiful river
  • Wolastoqew (singular) – A person who is a descendant of the people of the beautiful and bountiful river.
  • Wolastoqewiyik (plural) – people of the beautiful and bountiful river and the name for the nation of Indigenous people who live along Wolastoq (Saint John River)
  • Wolastoqey – (adjective) example: Wolastoqey Latuwewakon – Maliseet Language
  • Wolastoqi – (adjective) example: Wolastoqi children
  • Peskotomuhkati is the name for the people who have applied for First Nation land claims in New Brunswick. They are called Passamoquoddy in the United States.
  • North-eastern Waponahki (Wabanaki) or Waponahki (Wabanaki) Confederacy is the traditional government system which consists of 5 nations Wolastoqewiyik, Mi’kmaq, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot and Abenaki.

Sometimes Waponahki (Wabanaki) is referred to as the origin of some material. Waponahki (Wabanaki) Confederacy refers to the Nations of Penobscot (Maine), Passamaquoddy (Maine and New Brunswick), Wolastoqewiyik (New Brunswick, Maine and Quebec), Mi’kmaq (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and the island of Newfoundland) and Abenaki. In New Brunswick there are six individual Wolastoqewiyik (Maliseet) First Nation communities, one in Houlton, Maine and two in Quebec, Viger (Whitworth) and Cacouna. There are nine individual communities of the Mi’kmaq First Nation in New Brunswick, 3 in Quebec Gaspé Region (Gasgapegiag (Keskapekiaq), Gespeg (Kespek) and Listuguj (Listukuj)), 13 in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 2 in Prince Edward Island and 3 in Newfoundland and Labrador including the Qalipu. There are no Passamaquoddy communities in New Brunswick, however, there are Peskotomuhkatiyik people living along the west coast in southern New Brunswick. There are two Passamaquoddy (Peskotomuhkati) communities situated along Passamaquoddy Bay in eastern Maine.

In this document the term First Nation applies to the entire Wolastoqewiyik, Mi’kmaq or Passamaquoddy (Peskotomuhkati) Nations and not to individual communities.

Wolastoqewiyik has been selected as the contemporary name of the people who were formerly known as Maliseet. Some quotes historically use the word Indian to describe Indigenous people. In these cases, we have left the quotes intact – reflective of a different time and a different relationship.

The Three Nations Education Group Inc. and the New Brunswick Department of Education and Early Childhood Development welcome suggestions for improvements to this curriculum resource. Readers are invited to propose activities or any other suggestions for change that may provide support for this document.

The First Treaty is with Our Earth Mother

One of George T. Taylor’s Aboriginal guides 1862 sitting in canoe full of supplies and photography equipment
One of George T. Taylor’s Aboriginal guides 1862 sitting in a canoe full of supplies and photography equipment. Note: Mr. Taylor visited the Tobique River in search of the picturesque as early as 1860. There were at that time, he said, only two farms in the whole Tobique Valley. They were both within five miles of the river’s mouth. Provincial Archives of NB George Taylor fonds P5-333

How do these two photos demonstrate indigenous people’s relationship with the environment?

Girls fishing for smelts on a frozen Miramichi Bay
Fishing for smelts on Miramichi Bay. From left to right: Skyler Barnaby, Jennesa Joe, Brooke Barnaby. Lying on ice is Naomi Barnaby. Jason Barnaby, 2016
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